Micron Document
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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:130%;"><a href="Business_administration" title="Business administration">Business administration</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Accounting" title="Accounting">Accounting</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Management_accounting" title="Management accounting">Management accounting</a></li>
<li><a href="Financial_accounting" title="Financial accounting">Financial accounting</a></li>
<li><a href="Audit" title="Audit">Audit</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Legal_person" title="Legal person">Business entity</a> (<a href="List_of_legal_entity_types_by_country" title="List of legal entity types by country">list</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Corporate_group" title="Corporate group">Corporate group</a></li>
<li><a href="Corporation_sole" title="Corporation sole">Corporation sole</a></li>
<li><a href="Company" title="Company">Company</a></li>
<li><a href="Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">Conglomerate</a></li>
<li><a href="Holding_company" title="Holding company">Holding company</a></li>
<li><a href="Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li>
<li><a href="Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li>
<li><a href="Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">Joint-stock company</a></li>
<li><a href="Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">Limited liability company</a></li>
<li><a href="Partnership" title="Partnership">Partnership</a></li>
<li><a href="Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Privately held company</a></li>
<li><a href="Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">Sole proprietorship</a></li>
<li><a href="State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Annual_general_meeting" title="Annual general meeting">Annual general meeting</a></li>
<li><a href="Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Board of directors</a></li>
<li><a href="Supervisory_board" title="Supervisory board">Supervisory board</a></li>
<li><a href="Advisory_board" title="Advisory board">Advisory board</a></li>
<li><a href="Audit_committee" title="Audit committee">Audit committee</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">Corporate law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">Commercial law</a></li>
<li><a href="Constitutional_documents" title="Constitutional documents">Constitutional documents</a></li>
<li><a href="Contract" title="Contract">Contract</a></li>
<li><a href="Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li>
<li><a href="Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Corporate liability</a></li>
<li><a href="Insolvency_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolvency law">Insolvency law</a></li>
<li><a href="International_trade_law" title="International trade law">International trade law</a></li>
<li><a href="Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Corporate title</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a></li>
<li><a href="Chief_business_officer" title="Chief business officer">Chief business officer</a>/<a href="Chief_brand_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief brand officer">Chief brand officer</a></li>
<li><a href="Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">Chief executive officer</a>/<a href="Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">Chief operating officer</a></li>
<li><a href="Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">Chief financial officer</a></li>
<li><a href="Chief_human_resources_officer" title="Chief human resources officer">Chief human resources officer</a></li>
<li><a href="Chief_information_officer" title="Chief information officer">Chief information officer</a>/<a href="Chief_marketing_officer" title="Chief marketing officer">Chief marketing officer</a></li>
<li><a href="Chief_product_officer" title="Chief product officer">Chief product officer</a>/<a href="Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">Chief technology officer</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodity</a></li>
<li><a href="Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public economics</a></li>
<li><a href="Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour economics</a></li>
<li><a href="Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li>
<li><a href="International_economics" title="International economics">International economics</a></li>
<li><a href="Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li>
<li><a href="Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li>
<li><a href="Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li>
<li><a href="Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></li>
<li><a href="Open_economy" title="Open economy">Open economy</a></li>
<li><a href="Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li>
<li><a href="Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge economy</a></li>
<li><a href="Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a></li>
<li><a href="Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></li>
<li><a href="Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li>
<li><a href="Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Finance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Financial_statement" title="Financial statement">Financial statement</a></li>
<li><a href="Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></li>
<li><a href="Factoring_(finance)" title="Factoring (finance)">Factoring</a></li>
<li><a href="Cash_conversion_cycle" title="Cash conversion cycle">Cash conversion cycle</a></li>
<li><a href="Insider_dealing" class="mw-redirect" title="Insider dealing">Insider dealing</a></li>
<li><a href="Capital_budgeting" title="Capital budgeting">Capital budgeting</a></li>
<li><a href="Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">Commercial bank</a></li>
<li><a href="Derivative_(finance)" title="Derivative (finance)">Derivative</a></li>
<li><a href="Financial_statement_analysis" title="Financial statement analysis">Financial statement analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">Financial risk</a></li>
<li><a href="Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a></li>
<li><a href="Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">Corporate finance</a></li>
<li><a href="Managerial_finance" title="Managerial finance">Managerial finance</a></li>
<li><a href="International_finance" title="International finance">International finance</a></li>
<li><a href="Liquidation" title="Liquidation">Liquidation</a></li>
<li><a href="Stock_market" title="Stock market">Stock market</a></li>
<li><a href="Financial_market" title="Financial market">Financial market</a></li>
<li><a href="Tax" title="Tax">Tax</a></li>
<li><a href="Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">Financial institution</a></li>
<li><a href="Capital_management" title="Capital management">Capital management</a></li>
<li><a href="Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">Venture capital</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of management</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Asset_management" title="Asset management">Asset</a></li>
<li><a href="Brand_management" title="Brand management">Brand</a></li>
<li><a href="Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">Business intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="Business_development" title="Business development">Business development</a></li>
<li><a href="Capacity_management" title="Capacity management">Capacity</a></li>
<li><a href="Capability_management_in_business" title="Capability management in business">Capability</a></li>
<li><a href="Change_management" title="Change management">Change</a>
<ul><li><a href="Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">innovation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Commercial_management" title="Commercial management">Commercial</a>
<ul><li><a href="Marketing_management" title="Marketing management">Marketing</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Communications_management" title="Communications management">Communications</a></li>

<li><a href="Conflict_management" title="Conflict management">Conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="Content_management" title="Content management">Content</a></li>
<li><a href="Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">Customer relationship</a></li>
<li><a href="Distributed_management" title="Distributed management">Distributed</a></li>
<li><a href="Earned_value_management" title="Earned value management">Earned value</a></li>
<li><a href="Electronic_business" title="Electronic business">Electronic business</a></li>
<li><a href="Enterprise_resource_planning" title="Enterprise resource planning">Enterprise resource planning</a>&nbsp;
<ul><li><a href="Management_information_system" title="Management information system">management information system</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Financial_management" title="Financial management">Financial</a></li>
<li><a href="Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">Human resource</a>&nbsp;
<ul><li><a href="Human_resources" title="Human resources">development</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Incident_management" title="Incident management">Incident</a></li>
<li><a href="Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="Enterprise_legal_management" title="Enterprise legal management">Legal</a></li>
<li><a href="Materials_management" title="Materials management">Materials</a></li>
<li><a href="Network_management" title="Network management">Network</a>
<ul><li><a href="Network_administrator" title="Network administrator">administrator</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Office_management" title="Office management">Office</a></li>
<li><a href="Operations_management" title="Operations management">Operations</a>&nbsp;
<ul><li><a href="Operations_management_for_services" title="Operations management for services">services</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Performance_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance management">Performance</a></li>
<li><a href="Power_management" title="Power management">Power</a></li>
<li><a href="Business_process_management" title="Business process management">Process</a></li>
<li><a href="Product_life-cycle_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Product life-cycle management">Product life-cycle</a></li>
<li><a href="Product_management" title="Product management">Product</a></li>
<li><a href="Project_management" title="Project management">Project</a></li>
<li><a href="Property_management" title="Property management">Property</a></li>
<li><a href="Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality</a></li>
<li><a href="Records_management" title="Records management">Records</a></li>
<li><a href="Resource_management" title="Resource management">Resource</a></li>
<li><a href="Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk</a>&nbsp;
<ul><li><a href="Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">crisis</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Sales_management" title="Sales management">Sales</a></li>
<li><a href="Security_management" title="Security management">Security</a></li>
<li><a href="Service_management" title="Service management">Service</a></li>
<li><a href="Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic</a></li>
<li><a href="Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain</a></li>
<li><a href="Systems_management" title="Systems management">Systems</a>
<ul><li><a href="System_administrator" title="System administrator">administrator</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Talent_management" title="Talent management">Talent</a></li>
<li><a href="Technology_management" title="Technology management">Technology</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="Organizational_behavior" title="Organizational behavior">Behavior</a></li>
<li><a href="Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">Communication</a></li>
<li><a href="Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Culture</a></li>
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<p><b>Configuration management</b> (<b>CM</b>) is a management process for establishing and maintaining consistency of a product's performance, functional, and physical attributes with its requirements, design, and operational information throughout its life.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CM process is widely used by military engineering organizations to manage changes throughout the <a href="System_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="System lifecycle">system lifecycle</a> of <a href="Complex_system" title="Complex system">complex systems</a>, such as <a href="Weapon" title="Weapon">weapon</a> systems, <a href="Military_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Military vehicles">military vehicles</a>, and <a href="Information_system" title="Information system">information systems</a>. Outside the military, the CM process is also used with IT service management as defined by <a href="ITIL" title="ITIL">ITIL</a>, and with other <a href="Domain_model" title="Domain model">domain models</a> in the civil engineering and other <a href="Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">industrial engineering</a> segments such as roads, bridges, <a href="Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>, dams, and buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc">
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2></div>
<p>CM applied over the life cycle of a system provides visibility and control of its performance, functional, and physical attributes. CM verifies that a system performs as intended, and is identified and documented in sufficient detail to support its projected life cycle. The CM process facilitates orderly management of system information and system changes for such beneficial purposes as to revise capability; improve performance, reliability, or maintainability; extend life; reduce cost; reduce risk and liability; or correct defects. The relatively minimal cost of implementing CM is returned manyfold in cost avoidance. The lack of CM, or its ineffectual implementation, can be very expensive and sometimes can have such catastrophic consequences such as failure of equipment or loss of life.
</p><p>CM emphasizes the functional relation between parts, subsystems, and systems for effectively controlling system change. It helps to verify that proposed changes are systematically considered to minimize adverse effects. Changes to the system are proposed, evaluated, and implemented using a standardized, systematic approach that ensures consistency, and proposed changes are evaluated in terms of their anticipated impact on the entire system. CM verifies that changes are carried out as prescribed and that documentation of items and systems reflects their true configuration. A complete CM program includes provisions for the storing, tracking, and updating of all system information on a component, subsystem, and system basis.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>A structured CM program ensures that documentation (e.g., requirements, design, test, and acceptance documentation) for items is accurate and consistent with the actual physical design of the item. In many cases, without CM, the documentation exists but is not consistent with the item itself. For this reason, engineers, contractors, and management are frequently forced to develop documentation reflecting the actual status of the item before they can proceed with a change. This <a href="Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a> process is wasteful in terms of human and other resources and can be minimized or eliminated using CM.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>
<p>Configuration Management originated in the <a href="United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> in the 1950s as a technical management discipline for hardware material items—and it is now a standard practice in virtually every industry. The CM process became its own technical discipline sometime in the late 1960s when the DoD developed a series of <a href="United_States_Military_Standard" title="United States Military Standard">military standards</a> called the "480 series" (i.e., MIL-STD-480, MIL-STD-481 and MIL-STD-483) that were subsequently issued in the 1970s. In 1991, the "480 series" was consolidated into a single standard known as the MIL–STD–973 that was then replaced by MIL–HDBK–61 pursuant to a general DoD goal that reduced the number of military standards in favor of industry <a href="Technical_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical standards">technical standards</a> supported by <a href="Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards developing organizations</a> (SDO).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marked the beginning of what has now evolved into the most widely distributed and accepted standard on CM, <a href="ANSI%E2%80%93EIA%E2%80%93649" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI–EIA–649">ANSI–EIA–649</a>–1998.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now widely adopted by numerous organizations and agencies, the CM discipline's concepts include <a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">systems engineering</a> (SE), <a href="Integrated_Logistics_Support" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Logistics Support">Integrated Logistics Support</a> (ILS), <a href="Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">Capability Maturity Model Integration</a> (CMMI), <a href="ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">ISO 9000</a>, <a href="Prince2" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince2">Prince2</a> project management method, <a href="COBIT" title="COBIT">COBIT</a>, <a href="ITIL" title="ITIL">ITIL</a>, <a href="Product_lifecycle_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Product lifecycle management">product lifecycle management</a>, and <a href="Application_Lifecycle_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Application Lifecycle Management">Application Lifecycle Management</a>. Many of these functions and models have redefined CM from its traditional holistic approach to technical management. Some treat CM as being similar to a librarian activity, and break out change control or change management as a separate or stand alone discipline.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>
<p>CM is the practice of handling changes systematically so that a <a href="System" title="System">system</a> maintains its <a href="System_integrity" title="System integrity">integrity</a> over time. CM implements the policies, procedures, techniques, and tools that manage, evaluate proposed changes, track the status of changes, and maintain an inventory of system and support documents as the system changes. CM programs and plans provide technical and administrative direction to the development and implementation of the procedures, functions, services, tools, processes, and resources required to successfully develop and support a complex system. During system development, CM allows <a href="Program_management" title="Program management">program management</a> to track requirements throughout the life-cycle through acceptance and operations and maintenance. As changes inevitably occur in the requirements and design, they must be approved and documented, creating an accurate record of the system status. Ideally the CM process is applied throughout the <a href="System_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="System lifecycle">system lifecycle</a>. Most professionals mix up or get confused with <a href="Asset_management" title="Asset management">Asset management</a> (AM, see also <a href="ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">ISO/IEC 19770</a>), where it inventories the assets on hand. The key difference between CM and AM is that the former does not manage the financial accounting aspect but on service that the system supports or in other words, that the later (AM) is trying to realize value from an IT asset.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The CM process for both hardware- and software-configuration items comprises five distinct disciplines as established in the MIL–HDBK–61A<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in ANSI/EIA-649. Members of an organization interested in applying a standard <a href="Change_management" title="Change management">change-management</a> process will employ these disciplines as policies and procedures for establishing <a href="Baseline_(configuration_management)" title="Baseline (configuration management)">baselines</a>, manage and control change, and monitor and assess the effectiveness and correctness of progress. The <a href="IEEE_12207" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 12207">IEEE 12207</a> process IEEE 12207.2 also has these activities and adds "Release management and delivery".


The five disciplines are:
</p>
<ol><li>CM Planning and Management: a formal document and plan to guide the CM program that includes items such as:
<ul><li>Personnel</li>
<li>Responsibilities and resources</li>
<li>Training requirements</li>
<li>Administrative meeting guidelines, including a definition of procedures and tools</li>
<li>Baselining processes</li>
<li>Configuration control and configuration-status accounting</li>
<li>Naming conventions</li>
<li>Audits and reviews</li>
<li>Subcontractor/vendor CM requirements</li></ul></li>
<li>Configuration Identification (CI): consists of setting and maintaining baselines, which define the system or subsystem architecture, components, and any developments at any point in time. It is the basis by which changes to any part of a system are identified, documented, and later tracked through design, development, testing, and final delivery. CI incrementally establishes and maintains the definitive current basis for Configuration Status Accounting (CSA) of a system and its <a href="Configuration_item" title="Configuration item">configuration items</a> (CIs) throughout their lifecycle (development, production, deployment, and operational support) until disposal.</li>
<li>Configuration Control: includes the evaluation of all change-requests and change-proposals, and their subsequent approval or disapproval. It covers the process of controlling modifications to the system's design, hardware, firmware, software, and documentation.</li>
<li>Configuration Status Accounting: includes the process of recording and reporting configuration item descriptions (e.g., hardware, software, firmware, etc.) and all departures from the baseline during design and production. In the event of suspected problems, the verification of baseline configuration and approved modifications can be quickly determined.</li>
<li>Configuration Verification and Audit: an independent review of hardware and software for the purpose of assessing compliance with established performance requirements, commercial and appropriate military standards, and functional, allocated, and product baselines. Configuration audits verify that the system and subsystem configuration documentation complies with the functional and physical performance characteristics before acceptance into an architectural baseline.</li></ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2></div>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></div>
<p>The software configuration management (SCM) process is looked upon by practitioners as the best solution to handling changes in software projects. It identifies the functional and physical attributes of software at various points in time, and performs systematic control of changes to the identified attributes for the purpose of maintaining software integrity and traceability throughout the software development life cycle.
</p><p>The SCM process further defines the need to trace changes, and the ability to verify that the final delivered software has all of the planned enhancements that are supposed to be included in the release. It identifies four procedures that must be defined for each software project to ensure that a sound SCM process is implemented. They are:
</p>
<ol><li>Configuration identification</li>
<li>Configuration control</li>
<li>Configuration status accounting</li>
<li>Configuration audits</li></ol>
<p>These terms and definitions change from standard to standard, but are essentially the same.
</p>
<ul><li>Configuration identification is the process of identifying the attributes that define every aspect of a configuration item. A configuration item is a product (hardware and/or software) that has an end-user purpose. These attributes are recorded in configuration documentation and baselined. Baselining an attribute forces formal configuration change control processes to be effected in the event that these attributes are changed.</li>
<li>Configuration change control is a set of processes and approval stages required to change a configuration item's attributes and to re-baseline them.</li>
<li>Configuration status accounting is the ability to record and report on the configuration baselines associated with each configuration item at any moment of time.</li>
<li>Configuration audits are broken into functional and <a href="Physical_configuration_audit" title="Physical configuration audit">physical configuration audits</a>. They occur either at delivery or at the moment of effecting the change. A functional configuration audit ensures that functional and performance attributes of a configuration item are achieved, while a physical configuration audit ensures that a configuration item is installed in accordance with the requirements of its detailed design documentation.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Configuration_management_database">Configuration management database</h3></div>

<p><a href="ITIL" title="ITIL">ITIL</a> specifies the use of a configuration management system (CMS) or <a href="Configuration_management_database" title="Configuration management database">configuration management database</a> (CMDB) as a means of achieving industry best practices for Configuration Management. CMDBs are used to track Configuration Items (CIs) and the dependencies between them, where CIs represent the things in an enterprise that are worth tracking and managing, such as but not limited to computers, software, software licenses, racks, network devices, storage, and even the components within such items. CMS helps manage a <a href="Federated_database_system" title="Federated database system">federated</a> collection of CMDBs.
</p><p>The benefits of a CMS/CMDB includes being able to perform functions like root cause analysis, impact analysis, change management, and current state assessment for future state strategy development.
</p><p><i>Configuration Management</i> (CM) is an ITIL-specific ITSM process that tracks all of the individual CIs in an <a href="Information_system" title="Information system">IT system</a> which may be as simple as a single server, or as complex as the entire IT department. In large organizations a configuration manager may be appointed to oversee and manage the CM process. In ITIL version 3, this process has been renamed as <i>Service Asset and Configuration Management</i>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_assurance">Information assurance</h3></div>
<p>For <a href="Information_assurance" title="Information assurance">information assurance</a>, CM can be defined as the management of security features and assurances through control of changes made to hardware, software, firmware, documentation, test, test fixtures, and test documentation throughout the life cycle of an information system.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CM for information assurance, sometimes referred to as <i>secure configuration management</i> (SCM), relies upon performance, functional, and physical attributes of IT platforms and products and their environments to determine the appropriate security features and assurances that are used to measure a system configuration state. For example, configuration requirements may be different for a <a href="Network_firewall" class="mw-redirect" title="Network firewall">network firewall</a> that functions as part of an organization's Internet boundary versus one that functions as an internal local network firewall.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maintenance_systems">Maintenance systems</h2></div>
<p>Configuration management is used to maintain an understanding of the status of complex assets with a view to maintaining the highest level of serviceability for the lowest cost. Specifically, it aims to ensure that operations are not disrupted due to the asset (or parts of the asset) overrunning limits of planned lifespan or below quality levels.
</p><p>In the military, this type of activity is often classed as "mission readiness", and seeks to define which assets are available and for which type of mission; a classic example is whether aircraft on board an aircraft carrier are equipped with bombs for ground support or missiles for defense.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_system_configuration_management">Operating system configuration management</h3></div>
<p>Configuration management can be used to maintain <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a> configuration files.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these systems utilize <a href="Infrastructure_as_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrastructure as Code">Infrastructure as Code</a> to define and maintain configuration.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="Promise_theory" title="Promise theory">Promise theory</a> of configuration maintenance was developed by <a href="Mark_Burgess_(computer_scientist)" title="Mark Burgess (computer scientist)">Mark Burgess</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a practical implementation on present day computer systems in the software CFEngine able to perform real time repair as well as preventive maintenance.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preventive_maintenance">Preventive maintenance</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Preventive_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventive maintenance">Preventive maintenance</a></div>
<p>Understanding the "as is" state of an asset and its major components is an essential element in preventive maintenance as used in maintenance, repair, and overhaul and <a href="Enterprise_asset_management" title="Enterprise asset management">enterprise asset management</a> systems.
</p><p>Complex assets such as aircraft, ships, industrial machinery etc. depend on many different components being serviceable. This serviceability is often defined in terms of the amount of usage the component has had since it was new, since fitted, since repaired, the amount of use it has had over its life and several other limiting factors. Understanding how near the end of their life each of these components is has been a major undertaking involving labor-intensive record keeping until recent developments in software.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predictive_maintenance">Predictive maintenance</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Predictive_maintenance" title="Predictive maintenance">Predictive maintenance</a></div>
<p>Many types of component use electronic sensors to capture data which provides live <a href="Condition_monitoring" title="Condition monitoring">condition monitoring</a>. This data is analyzed on board or at a remote location by computer to evaluate its current serviceability and increasingly its likely future state using algorithms which predict potential future failures based on previous examples of failure through field experience and modeling. This is the basis for "predictive maintenance".
</p><p>Availability of accurate and timely data is essential in order for CM to provide operational value and a lack of this can often be a limiting factor. Capturing and disseminating the operating data to the various support organizations is becoming an industry in itself.
</p><p>The consumers of this data have grown more numerous and complex with the growth of programs offered by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). These are designed to offer operators guaranteed availability and make the picture more complex with the operator managing the asset but the OEM taking on the liability to ensure its serviceability.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2></div>
<p>A number of standards support or include configuration management,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including:
</p>
<ul><li>ANSI/EIA-649-1998 National Consensus Standard for Configuration Management</li>
<li>EIA-649-A 2004 National Consensus Standard for Configuration Management</li>
<li>SAE EIA-649-C 2019 Global Consensus Configuration Management Standard</li>
<li><a href="ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">ISO 10007</a> Quality management systems – Guidelines for configuration management</li>
<li><a href="Federal_Standard_1037C" title="Federal Standard 1037C">Federal Standard 1037C</a></li>
<li>GEIA Standard 836–2002 Configuration Management Data Exchange and Interoperability</li>
<li><a href="IEEE_829" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 829">IEEE 829</a> Standard for Software Test Documentation</li>
<li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>IEEE Standard for Configuration Management in Systems and Software Engineering</i>. 2012. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2012.6170935">10.1109/IEEESTD.2012.6170935</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>978-0-7381-7232-3</bdi>.</cite></li>
<li>MIL-STD-973 Configuration Management (cancelled on 20 September 2000)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="STANAG_4427_on_CM" title="STANAG 4427 on CM">NATO STANAG 4427 Configuration Management in Systems Life Cycle Management</a> including</li>
<li>NATO ACMP 2000 Policy on Configuration Management</li>
<li>NATO ACMP 2009 Guidance on Configuration Management<sup id="cite_ref-auto_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>NATO ACMP 2100 Configuration Management Contractual Requirements</li>
<li><a href="CMMI" class="mw-redirect" title="CMMI">CMMI</a> CMMI for Development, Version 1.2 Configuration Management</li>
<li>CMII-100E CMII Standard for Enterprise Configuration Management<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Extended List of Configuration Management &amp; Related Standards<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>ITIL Service Asset and Configuration Management</li>
<li>ISO 20000:1 2011&amp; 2018 Service Management System.</li>
<li>ECSS-M-ST-40C Rev.1 Configuration and information management<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Guidelines">Guidelines</h2></div>
<ul><li>IEEE 828-2012 Standard for Configuration Management in Systems and Software Engineering,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published date:2012-03-16</li>
<li>ISO 10007:2017 Quality management – Guidelines for configuration management<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>NATO ACMP-2009 – Guidance on configuration management<sup id="cite_ref-auto_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>ANSI/EIA-632-1998 Processes for Engineering a System</li>
<li>ANSI/EIA-649-1998 National Consensus Standard for Configuration Management</li>
<li>GEIA-HB-649 – Implementation Guide for Configuration Management</li>
<li>EIA-836 Consensus Standard for Configuration Management Data Exchange and Interoperability</li>
<li>MIL-HDBK-61B Configuration Management Guidance,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 7 April 2020</li>
<li>MIL-STD-3046 Configuration Management,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6 March 2013 and canceled on June 1, 2015</li>
<li>Defense Acquisition Guidebook,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> elements of CM at 4.3.7 SE Processes, attributes of CM at 5.1.7 Lifecycle support</li>
<li>Systems Engineering Fundamentals, Chapter 10 Configuration Management<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Configuration Management Plan United States Dept. of Defense Acquisition document<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2></div>
<p>More recently configuration management has been applied to large construction projects which can often be very complex and have a huge number of details and changes that need to be documented. Construction agencies such as the Federal Highway Administration have used configuration management for their infrastructure projects.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are construction-based configuration management tools that aim to document change orders and RFIs in order to ensure a project stays on schedule and on budget. These programs can also store information to aid in the maintenance and modification of the infrastructure when it is completed. One such application, CCSNet, was tested in a case study funded by the Federal Transportation Administration (FTA) in which the efficacy of configuration management was measured through comparing the approximately 80% complete construction of the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transit Agency (LACMTA) first and second segments of the Red Line, a $5.3&nbsp;billion rail construction project. This study yielded results indicating a benefit to using configuration management on projects of this nature.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Configuration_management" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Configuration management">Configuration management</a></span>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a href="Change_detection" title="Change detection">Change detection</a></li>
<li><a href="Configuration_lifecycle_management" title="Configuration lifecycle management">Configuration lifecycle management</a></li>
<li><a href="Granular_Configuration_Automation" class="mw-redirect" title="Granular Configuration Automation">Granular Configuration Automation</a></li>
<li><a href="Comparison_of_open_source_configuration_management_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of open source configuration management software">Comparison of open source configuration management software</a></li>
<li><a href="Dependency_(project_management)" title="Dependency (project management)">Dependency</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_software_engineering_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of software engineering topics">List of software engineering topics</a></li>
<li><a href="Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">Interchangeable parts</a></li>
<li><a href="Continuous_configuration_automation" title="Continuous configuration automation">Continuous configuration automation</a></li>
<li><a href="System_configuration" title="System configuration">System configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="Systems_management" title="Systems management">Systems management</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li><a href="Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li></ul>
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